Humberto Maturana and Jorge Mpodozis’s theory of natural drift reframes evolution as the historical conservation and diversification of organism–niche relations rather than as the direct optimization of organisms by external selection. This white paper develops natural drift in dialogue with contemporary evolutionary biology, including the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, evolutionary developmental biology, developmental plasticity, niche construction, symbiosis, holobiont theory, inclusive inheritance, epigenetic inheritance, and population genetics. The central thesis is that evolution can be understood as the historical conservation, transformation, and diversification of viable ways of living. In this framing, development generates phenotype–niche possibilities; behavior guides organism–niche relations; plasticity enables structural coupling in ontogenic time; niche construction modifies the conditions of future evolution; symbiosis expands the organism beyond the host genome; inheritance transmits more than DNA; and population genetics describes the genetic stabilization, sorting, and transformation of variation across generations. Natural selection remains indispensable, but it is interpreted as one sorting process within the wider historical drift of living coherence. This synthesis does not reject the Modern Synthesis; it situates it within a broader relational biology of organism, niche, lineage, and biosphere.
