Linguistic turn: (1) A sea-change in contemporary philosophy beginning with a British-led turn of analysis from the early twentieth century on to concepts, propositions and language use as the primary object of inquiry and explanation in the apparent belief that herein was found the logical form of reality and knowledge (Moore, Russell, the early Wittgenstein, Carnap, Ayer, the “logical positivists”), shifting over time to “ordinary language philosophy” led by the “later Wittgenstein” of the Philosophical Investigations and subsequent schools including postmodern preoccupation with “signs” and “signifiers”; (2) the decisive break from the material world in which signs become many autonomous worlds of language games and discursive practices which have no signifying relationship to the external world, or necessary relationship to each other thus the model of “language games” in the first instance and “discursive practices” and “signifiers with no signified” in the second main moment. For Wittgenstein and his followers, philosophical problems arise from the logical muddles about the referents of words and confusion of different language games, and so are resolvable at the level of linguistic understanding itself (e.g., “I” or “nothing” are not open-ended mysteries of the world or cosmos, but non-referring grammatical functions). The postmodern movement of philosophy led from France from the second half of the twentieth century does not relate to any British school of analytic linguistic philosophy, but, similarly to the later Wittgenstein across the channel, adopts language or “linguistic circuits” in autonomous elaboration as the object of inquiry and understanding with the human subject itself, truth and decidability dissolved into multiple semiotic constructs and irreducible pluralities of meaning in a manifold de-grounding of symbolic thought.
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Comparison of odds (lnOR) of decreased mortality across several conditions associated with mortality.

Source: Holt-LunstadJ, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLOS Medicine 7(7): e1000316.
https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Are we suffering from Capitalism?
WHAT IS THE LIFE-GROUND?
The Life-Ground of Value: A concept introduced by McMurtry (1998) which signifies the totality of conditions, natural and/or social, upon which any living thing or collection of living things depends for its existence.
The Life-Ground: the conditions of all life and substantive value.
Most simply expressed, all the conditions required to take your next breath. Axiologically understood, all the life support systems required for human life to reproduce or develop. The life-ground is to be distinguished from the concept of “the life-world” which refers to background beliefs.
The universal basis of all value, the maximal development of the capabilities of living things relative to their degree of organic and social complexity.
The totality of conditions presupposed by the life of individual living things; the basis of there being value and beings that can value.
While religions have featured the animating breath of life, they have attributed it to a transcendental creator so as to overlook its source in the creation itself–a kind of idolatry of man-made ideas.
Immersive Learning of the Glossary Terms
- Life-Value Onto-Axiology (329)
- Health Promotion (73)
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Search LIFE-VALUE ONTO-AXIOLOGY and HEALTH PROMOTION Glossary
LIFE-VALUE ONTO-AXIOLOGY and HEALTH PROMOTION Glossary
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- *LIFE-VALUE ONTO-AXIOLOGY Glossary Source*
- A-posteriori
- A-priori
- Advocacy
- Aesthetic
- Aesthetics
- Agent-relative
- Agnosticism
- Agrarianism
- Alienation
- Alliance
- Analogy
- Analytic philosophy
- Analytic sentence
- Anarchism
- Animism
- Antecedent
- Anti-foundationalism
- Antinomy
- Argument
- Argument form
- Argumentation
- Argumentation (or Reasoning) Schemes:
- Argumentation theory (or the theory of argumentation)
- Atheism
- Atomism
- Augustinian Christianity
- Axiology
- Bernays, Edward W. (1933) Propaganda
- Biocide
- Bioethics
- Biological Time
- Biophilia
- Bourgeois equality of opportunity
- Burden of disease
- Calculus of sentences
- Capabilities
- Capability
- Capacity building
- Capital
- Capitalism
- Categorical sentence
- Categories
- Cause (Efficient)
- Cause (Final)
- Cause (Formal)
- Certainty
- Civil commons
- Classical Liberalism
- Classical theory of probability
- Cognition
- Coherence Principle
- Coherence theory of truth
- Collective agency
- Collective choice
- Collective life unconscious
- Common life interest
- Communal reciprocity
- Communism
- Communitarianism
- Community
- Community action for health
- Compossibility principle
- Conatus
- Conjunction
- Consciousness
- Consequentialism
- Continental philosophy
- Contradictory sentence
- Corporation
- Correspondence theory of truth
- Cosmology
- Covering law model of scientific explanation
- Critical Social Philosophy
- Deconstruction
- Deduction
- Deductive Logic
- Deductive nomological explanation
- Deep ecology
- Deep naturalistic fallacy
- Defeasible Reasoning
- Deism
- Democracy
- Deontological ethics
- Desire theory of value
- Determinants of health
- Determinism
- Development
- Dialectic
- Dialectical/Dialectics
- Dialogical
- Disease prevention
- Disjunction
- Disposition terms
- Dualism
- Dualities
- Ecological time
- Ecology
- Ecology of justice
- Ecology of life value
- Economics
- Either-or reduction
- Empiricism
- Empowerment
- Enabling
- Enlightenment
- Ensoulment
- Epidemiology
- Epistemic
- Epistemic utility
- Epistemology
- Equity in health
- Essentialism
- Ethics
- Evidence-based health promotion
- Existentialism
- Externalism
- Externalist fallacy
- Fact/value distinction
- Fallacy
- Fallibilism
- False religion
- Falsifiability theory
- Fascism
- Feminism
- Fields of life value
- First-person test
- Forces of Production
- Formally fallacious argument
- Foundationalism
- Freedom
- Freewill
- Global health
- Globalization
- God
- Good
- Group-mind
- Health
- Health behaviour
- Health communication
- Health development
- Health education
- Health expectancy
- Health for All
- Health gain
- Health goal
- Health impact assessment
- Health indicator
- Health literacy
- Health outcomes
- Health policy
- Health promoting hospitals
- Health promoting schools
- Health promotion
- Health promotion evaluation
- Health promotion outcomes
- Health sector
- Health status
- Health target
- Healthy cities
- Healthy islands
- Healthy public policy
- Hedonism
- Hermaneutics
- Hierarchy
- Human Nature
- Human value identity
- Humanism
- Hume’s problem
- Hylozoism
- Hypothetico-deductive method
- I-consciousness
- Idealism
- Idolatry
- Immanence
- Inclusivity principle
- Induction
- Induction by elimination
- Induction by enumeration
- Induction/Inductive Logic
- Inductive statistical explanation
- Infinite
- Informal Logic
- Informally fallacious argument
- Infrastructure for health promotion
- Instrumentalism
- Intentionality
- Intermediate health outcomes
- Internal and external goods
- Interpretation
- Intersectoral collaboration
- Intrinsic and instrumental value
- Invalid argument schema
- Investment for health
- Invisible-hand religion
- Jakarta Declaration
- Justice
- Left-liberal equality of opportunity
- Liberalism
- Liberation theology
- Life coherence
- Life coherence principle
- Life sequence of value
- Life skills
- Life standards
- Life support systems
- Life-blind norms
- Life-Capital
- Life-Ground
- Life-Ground of Value
- Life-Interest
- Life-unconscious
- Life-Value
- Life-value measure / metric
- Life-value onto-axiology
- Life-world
- Lifestyles
- Linguistic behaviorism
- Linguistic idealism
- Linguistic turn
- Living conditions
- Logic
- Logical operator
- Market rationality
- Market reciprocity
- Market socialism
- Marxism
- Material biconditional
- Material conditional
- Materialism
- McMurtry, J. (1998) Unequal Freedoms
- Measures of life value
- Mechanical reduction
- Mechanism
- Mediation
- Mega-machine
- Meta-Ethics
- Metaphysics
- Mind-body problem
- Money sequence of value
- Moral insight
- Moral Philosophy
- Morality
- Mysticism
- Natural kinds
- Nature
- Need
- Needs
- Needs assessment
- Negation
- Negative Dialectics
- Network
- No Harm Principle
- Nominalism
- Non-intentional consciousness
- Non-positional consciousness
- Nonmonotonic Reasoning (Logic) :
- Nothingness, the Void, Emptiness
- Objective Values
- Observation sentence
- One-dimensionality
- Onto-Axiology
- Ontology
- Open question argument
- Operational definition
- Oppression
- Organism
- Ottawa Charter
- Pantheism
- Paradox
- Pareto Optimum
- Partnership for health promotion
- Performance Principle
- Personal skills
- Pessimism
- Phenomenology
- Platonism
- Polytheism
- Positivism
- Postmodernism
- Potentiality
- Pragmatic theory of truth
- Pragmatic utility
- Pragmatism
- Primary Axiom of Value
- Primary health care
- Principle of Beneficence
- Prisoner’s Dilemma
- Proceduralism
- Profit
- Progress
- Proposition
- Public health
- Quality of life
- Rationalism
- Re-orienting health services
- Reductionism
- Reification
- Relations of Production
- Relativism
- Religion
- Renaissance
- Rhetoric
- Right
- Rights
- Risk behaviour
- Risk factor
- Ruling value syntax
- Ruling Value-System
- Science
- Scientific method
- Scientific paradigm
- Scientific theory
- Scientism
- Second-order Shift
- Secularism
- Self-consciousness
- Self-contradictory sentence
- Self-Determination
- Self-efficacy
- Self-help
- Self-responsibility
- Semantic theory of truth
- Sentence form
- Sentence variable
- Settings for health
- Skepticism
- Slave Morality
- Social capital
- Social injustice
- Social justice
- Social marketing
- Social Morality
- Social networks
- Social rationality
- Social responsibility for health
- Social support
- Social Value System
- Socialism
- Socialist equality of opportunity
- Soul
- Sound argument
- Soundness
- Speculative metaphysics
- Spirit
- Spiritual ecology
- Spirituality
- Subject-Object problem
- Subjecthood
- Substance
- Supportive environments for health
- Sustainable development
- Sustainable health promotion actions
- Syllogism
- Synthetic / analytic distinction
- Tautologous schema
- Technology
- Teleology
- Teleonomy
- The Void
- Theo-capitalism
- Theoretical sentence
- Theories of truth
- Theory of probability
- Transcendental
- Transcendental deduction
- Transcendental God
- Truth
- Truth-functional argument schema
- Truth-functional argument schema
- Truth-functional sentence
- Truth-table definition
- Truth-table test
- Understanding
- Universal
- Universal life goods/necessities
- Universals
- Unsound argument
- Utilitarianism
- Utopia
- Valid argument
- Valid argument schema
- Validation of particular rules
- Validity
- Value compossibility
- Value neutrality
- Value syntax
- Value-system
- Verifiability theory
- Vice
- Vindication of general rules
- Virtue
- Vitalism
- Wellness
- Will to Power
- Witness consciousness
- World Health Organization
- World-view
- Yoga